Etymology[edit]

The English meditation is derived from the Latin meditatio, from a verb meditari, meaning "to think, contemplate, devise, ponder".[14]
In the Old Testament, h?gâ (Hebrew: ???) means to sigh or murmur, and also, to meditate.[15] When the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek, h?gâ became the Greek melete. The Latin Bible then translated h?gâ/melete into meditatio.[16] The use of the term meditatio as part of a formal, stepwise process of meditation goes back to the 12th-century monk Guigo II.[17]
The Tibetan word for meditation "Gom" means "to become familiar with" and has the strong implication of training the mind to be familiar with states that are beneficial: concentration, compassion, correct understanding, patience, humility, perseverance, etc.[18]
Apart from its historical usage, the term meditation was introduced as a translation for Eastern spiritual practices, referred to as dhy?na in Buddhism and in Hinduism, which comes from the Sanskrit root dhyai, meaning to contemplate or meditate.[10][19] The term "meditation" in English may also refer to practices from Islamic Sufism,[20] or other traditions such as Jewish Kabbalah and Christian Hesychasm.[21] An edited book about "meditation" published in 2003, for example, included chapter contributions by authors describing Hindu, Buddhist, Taoist, Jewish, Christian and Islamic traditions.[22][23] Scholars have noted that "the term 'meditation' as it has entered contemporary usage" is parallel to the term "contemplation" in Christianity,[24] but in many cases, practices similar to modern forms of meditation were simply called 'prayer'. Christian, Judaic and Islamic forms of meditation are typically devotional, scriptural or thematic, while Asian forms of meditation are often more purely technical.[25]